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ICAN Financial Accounting Notes

Recording transactions and preparing financial statements from the books of a business. This course follows the ICAN syllabus in 44 topics. All 44 are published, each with detailed notes, worked examples, exam tips and ICAN-style practice questions.

How this course is examined

20 marksSection A: 20 multiple-choice questions
80 marksSection B: answer four of six questions
3¼ hoursIncludes 15 minutes of reading time

How the marks are weighted

Seven syllabus areas, as a share of the 100 marks.

  • Accounting framework10%
  • Recording financial transactions15%
  • Reconciliation in financial accounting15%
  • Accounting for transactions in the financial statements20%
  • Partnerships, not-for-profit entities and incomplete records15%
  • Financial statements15%
  • Computerised and virtual accounting10%

Most marks in past papers

In the 20 diets from November 2014 to November 2023, which follow the previous syllabus.

  • Bank reconciliations
  • Control accounts
  • Errors and suspense accounts
  • Partnerships
  • Property, plant and equipment
  • Sole trader statements
  • Not-for-profit accounts
  • Inventory
Syllabus
The syllabus applies from the November 2025 diet.
Topic order
Topics are listed in the order that builds knowledge, and each page tells you what to read first.

By the end of this course

What you will be able to do

Six skills you will have after working through this course.

Start with the first topic
  1. 01

    Record transactions

    Apply double entry, the books of prime entry, the cash book, petty cash and VAT, and extract a trial balance.

  2. 02

    Reconcile and correct

    Prepare bank and control account reconciliations, correct errors and clear suspense accounts.

  3. 03

    Account for assets and adjustments

    Account for property, plant and equipment, intangibles, inventory, bad debts, accruals and prepayments under the IFRS standards.

  4. 04

    Prepare accounts for other entities

    Prepare accounts for sole traders, partnerships, clubs and businesses with incomplete records.

  5. 05

    Prepare company statements

    Prepare company statements of profit or loss, financial position, cash flows and changes in equity, and interpret them with ratios.

  6. 06

    Use accounting technology

    Explain computerised and virtual accounting, digitisation, blockchain, AI and remote-working fraud risks.

Topics in ICAN Financial Accounting

Read them in order or jump to the one you need.

Topics in ICAN Financial Accounting, grouped by syllabus section
No.TopicRead
Accounting framework5 topics10% of marks
1What is accounting? Business, objectives and usersRead note
2Roles of accountants, corporate governance and ethicsRead note
3FRC Nigeria, bases of accounting and elements of financial statementsRead note
4IASB Conceptual Framework and qualitative characteristicsRead note
5Accounting concepts, recognition and measurementRead note
Recording financial transactions7 topics15% of marks
6The accounting equation and business transactionsRead note
7Double entry bookkeeping, journal entries and ledger accountsRead note
8Trial balance: preparation, uses and limitationsRead note
9Books of prime entry, sales and purchasesRead note
10VAT in Nigeria and how to account for itRead note
11Cash book and banking proceduresRead note
12Petty cash book and the imprest systemRead note
Reconciliation in financial accounting7 topics15% of marks
13Bank reconciliation statement and the adjusted cash bookRead note
14Control accounts and supplier statementsRead note
15Correction of errors in the booksRead note
16Suspense accountsRead note
17Bad debts and the allowance for doubtful debtsRead note
18Accrued expenses and accrued incomeRead note
19Prepaid expenses and unearned incomeRead note
Accounting for transactions in the financial statements7 topics20% of marks
20Property, plant and equipment (IAS 16): cost and the assets registerRead note
21Depreciation: straight-line and reducing balanceRead note
22Disposal and revaluation of property, plant and equipmentRead note
23Intangible assets (IAS 38) and impairment of assets (IAS 36)Read note
24Inventory: year-end adjustments, periodic and perpetual systemsRead note
25Inventory valuation (IAS 2): FIFO, weighted average and NRVRead note
26Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets (IAS 37)Read note
Financial statements10 topics15% of marks
27Sole trader financial statements and the extended trial balanceRead note
28Company statement of financial positionRead note
29Company statement of profit or loss and income tax (IAS 12)Read note
30Share capital: issue of shares, rights, bonus issues and changes in equityRead note
31IAS 8: accounting policies, estimates and prior-year errorsRead note
32IFRS 18: presentation and disclosure in financial statementsRead note
33Statement of cash flows (IAS 7): format and indirect methodRead note
34Statement of cash flows: direct method, investing and financingRead note
35Ratio analysis: profitability and efficiencyRead note
36Liquidity and gearing ratios and comparative analysisRead note
Partnership, not-for-profit entities and incomplete records5 topics15% of marks
37Partnership accounts: profit sharing, capital and current accountsRead note
38Changes in partnership: admission, retirement and goodwillRead note
39Incomplete records: statement of affairs and the capital methodRead note
40Incomplete records: margins, control accounts and missing figuresRead note
41Not-for-profit accounts: receipts and payments, income and expenditureRead note
Computerised and virtual accounting3 topics10% of marks
42Computerised accounting systems and accounting softwareRead note
43Digitisation, data structures and virtual accountingRead note
44Artificial intelligence, blockchain and remote-working fraudRead note

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About ICAN Financial Accounting Notes

These are the 44 Financial Accounting topics, in teaching order, across 7 syllabus sections. The first note is “What is accounting?” and the last is “Artificial intelligence, blockchain and remote-working fraud”. Reading them all takes about 9 hours. At an hour a day, that is about 9 days.

What you will learn
  • Explain what accounting is for, who uses it, and the concepts behind it (10% of marks)
  • Record transactions through the books of prime entry, ledgers and the trial balance (15% of marks)
  • Reconcile the bank and control accounts, and clear errors and suspense balances (15% of marks)
  • Account for bad debts, accruals, depreciation, assets and inventory (20% of marks)
  • Prepare financial statements for sole traders and companies, with cash flows and ratios (15% of marks)
  • Prepare accounts for partnerships, clubs and businesses with incomplete records (15% of marks)
  • Describe accounting software, digitisation, AI, blockchain and the fraud risks of remote work (10% of marks)
What ICAN asks most

These topics came up most often in the Pathfinder past questions mapped to these notes. A question that covers several topics counts for each one. Start here if you are short on time. Most of these questions come from the previous syllabus.

  1. Accounting concepts, recognition and measurement 13 questions
  2. Bank reconciliation statement and the adjusted cash book 13 questions
  3. Books of prime entry, sales and purchases 12 questions
  4. Cash book and banking procedures 12 questions
  5. Correction of errors in the books 12 questions

Frequently asked Questions about Financial Accounting

What is ICAN Financial Accounting?

Recording transactions and preparing financial statements from the books of a business. It is a Foundation level paper.

Are the Financial Accounting notes free?

Yes. All 44 topics are free to read online. You pay only to keep them as PDF and Word, which come in the course pack with the full question bank and marking guides.

Does Financial Accounting cover IFRS 18 and VAT in Nigeria?

Yes. IFRS 18, the standards for property, inventory and cash flows, and VAT in Nigeria are all covered, along with bank reconciliations, partnerships and incomplete records. Every topic has worked examples.

How many topics are in Financial Accounting?

There are 44 topics in 7 syllabus sections, in teaching order. Each has a summary, worked examples, exam tips and practice questions.

Which section carries the most marks in Financial Accounting?

Accounting for transactions in the financial statements is the biggest section, at 20% of marks. Start there, but do not skip the rest. Any section can be examined.

Can I practise with past questions?

Yes. Every topic has ICAN-style practice questions with marking guides. Where past ICAN questions exist, a Pathfinder section lists them by diet and year, so you can try the real thing.

What mark do I need to pass Financial Accounting?

ICAN papers are normally passed with 50%. Confirm the current rule on the official ICAN portal, because the Institute can change it.

Are the notes up to date?

They follow the ICAN Foundation level syllabus, so they are the same for every diet. Found a mistake? Tap Tell us on any topic and we will check it.

Are these notes from ICAN?

No. Accountants.ng is independent of ICAN. ICAN publishes the official syllabus, study text and past papers, so use our notes alongside them.

How do I study Financial Accounting without getting overwhelmed?

Take one topic at a time. Read it, try the practice questions, then check the marking guide. Move through the sections in order, and give extra time to the sections with more marks.