ICAN Skills Level Notes

Conceptual and legal frameworks for financial reporting (10% of marks)

1. 1The regulatory framework: IASB, IFRS adoption and FRC NigeriaRead
2. 2The legal framework: CAMA 2020 and sector regulatorsRead
3. 3Reporting frameworks for specialised, not-for-profit and public sector entitiesRead
4. 4The Conceptual Framework (i): objective, users and qualitative characteristicsRead
5. 5The Conceptual Framework (ii): elements, recognition, measurement and capital maintenanceRead
6. 6Accounting bases, going concern and fair presentationRead

Accounting standards and policies for specific transactions (15%)

1. 7IAS 16 (i): recognition, cost and depreciation of property, plant and equipmentRead
2. 8IAS 16 (ii): revaluation, derecognition and disclosureRead
3. 9IAS 20: government grants and government assistanceRead
4. 10IAS 23: borrowing costsRead
5. 11IAS 40: investment propertyRead
6. 12IFRS 5: non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operationsRead
7. 13IFRS 16 (i): identifying a lease, definitions and exemptionsRead
8. 14IFRS 16 (ii): lessee accounting, the right-of-use asset and the lease liabilityRead
9. 15IAS 38 (i): recognising intangible assets and internally generated costsRead
10. 16IAS 38 (ii): measurement after recognition, amortisation and disclosureRead
11. 17IAS 36 (i): impairment indicators, recoverable amount and impairment lossRead
12. 18IAS 36 (ii): cash-generating units and goodwillRead
13. 19IAS 2: inventoriesRead
14. 20IFRS 15 (i): the five-step model, contracts and performance obligationsRead
15. 21IFRS 15 (ii): transaction price and allocationRead
16. 22IFRS 15 (iii): satisfying performance obligations, contract costs and specific casesRead
17. 23IAS 37: provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assetsRead
18. 24IAS 10: events after the reporting periodRead
19. 25IAS 24: related party disclosuresRead
20. 26IAS 12 (i): current tax and temporary differencesRead
21. 27IAS 12 (ii): deferred tax recognition, measurement and disclosureRead
22. 28IFRS 13: fair value measurementRead
23. 29IFRS 9 (i): classification and measurement of financial assetsRead
24. 30IFRS 9 (ii): financial liabilities, amortised cost and derecognitionRead
25. 31IFRS 9 (iii): simple expected credit lossRead
26. 32IAS 32 and IFRS 7: presentation and disclosure, including share issuesRead
27. 33IAS 33 (i): basic earnings per shareRead
28. 34IAS 33 (ii): diluted earnings per share and presentationRead
29. 35IAS 21 (i): foreign currency transactionsRead
30. 36IAS 21 (ii): translating financial statements and reporting exchange differencesRead

Preparation of single entity financial statements (20%)

1. 37IAS 8: accounting policies, changes in estimates and errorsRead
2. 38IAS 1 (i): components, general features and the statement of financial positionRead
3. 39IAS 1 (ii): profit or loss and OCI, changes in equity and notesRead
4. 40IFRS 18: categories, subtotals and management-defined performance measuresRead
5. 41Company financial statements from a trial balance (i): technique and adjustmentsRead
6. 42Company financial statements from a trial balance (ii): revaluation, tax, share issues and held-for-sale itemsRead
7. 43IAS 7 (i): format and the indirect methodRead
8. 44IAS 7 (ii): working capital adjustments and the direct methodRead
9. 45IAS 7 (iii): investing and financing activitiesRead
10. 46Value added statement and five-year financial summaryRead

Financial statements of a simple group (20%)

1. 47Groups: control, IFRS 10, IAS 27 and exemptionsRead
2. 48IFRS 3: goodwill and non-controlling interestRead
3. 49The consolidated statement of financial position (i): basic approach and double entryRead
4. 50The consolidated statement of financial position (ii): fair values, unrealised profit and intra-group itemsRead
5. 51The consolidated statement of profit or loss and OCI (i): basic approachRead
6. 52The consolidated statement of profit or loss and OCI (ii): complicationsRead
7. 53Associates and joint ventures (i): the IAS 28 equity method in the financial positionRead
8. 54Associates and joint ventures (ii): profit or loss and IFRS 11Read
9. 55The consolidated statement of cash flows of a simple groupRead
10. 56Group disclosures, management commentary and IFRS in group scenariosRead

Analysis and interpretation of financial statements (15%)

1. 57Financial analysis (i): purpose, return and profitability ratiosRead
2. 58Financial analysis (ii): working capital efficiency and liquidity ratiosRead
3. 59Financial analysis (iii): solvency, gearing and investors’ ratiosRead
4. 60Interpreting performance and writing the analysis reportRead
5. 61EPS and cash flow information in assessing performance and liquidityRead
6. 62Limitations of financial analysis: window dressing, creative accounting, groups and specialised entitiesRead

Sustainability reporting framework (10%)

1. 63From social and environmental accounting to sustainability reportingRead
2. 64GRI, SASB and the NGX sustainability reporting guidelinesRead
3. 65The ISSB and IFRS S1: general requirementsRead
4. 66IFRS S1 and S2 adoption in Nigeria: the FRC roadmap and readiness submissionsRead

Ethics, current and technological developments (10%)

1. 67Ethics in financial reporting and the professional codeRead
2. 68Current issues and new accounting standardsRead
3. 69Technology in financial reporting: cloud, digital assets, blockchain and AIRead

Financial management function and environment (10% of marks)

1. 1The nature and purpose of financial managementRead
2. 2Financial objectives: shareholder wealth, profit, earnings per share and stakeholder valueRead
3. 3Stakeholders and conflicts of objectivesRead
4. 4Agency theory and the agency problemRead
5. 5Achieving stakeholder objectives: governance codes, listing rules and reward schemesRead
6. 6Evaluating corporate objectives: ratios and total shareholder returnRead
7. 7Financial management in not-for-profit organisationsRead
8. 8Macroeconomic policy targets, GDP and fiscal policyRead
9. 9Monetary policy, interest rates, inflation and the exchange rateRead
10. 10Money markets, banks and money market instrumentsRead
11. 11Capital markets and the stock exchangeRead
12. 12The bond market and technology in financial marketsRead

Working capital management (15%)

1. 13Working capital: nature, elements and objectivesRead
2. 14The cash operating cycle, working capital ratios and overtradingRead
3. 15Inventory management: EOQ, reorder levels, just-in-time and ABC analysisRead
4. 16Managing receivables: credit terms and credit controlRead
5. 17Debt factoring and invoice discountingRead
6. 18Early settlement discounts and trade payablesRead
7. 19Cash flow forecasts and reasons for holding cashRead
8. 20Short-term investment and treasury managementRead
9. 21Cash management models: Baumol and Miller-OrrRead
10. 22Working capital investment policy and determining needsRead
11. 23Working capital funding strategiesRead

Investment appraisal (25%)

1. 24Capital expenditure, payback and accounting rate of returnRead
2. 25Relevant cash flows in investment appraisalRead
3. 26The time value of money: discounting and annuitiesRead
4. 27Net present value and the case for discounted cash flowRead
5. 28Internal rate of return and NPV versus IRRRead
6. 29Taxation and capital allowances in DCFRead
7. 30Inflation in DCF: real and money termsRead
8. 31Risk and uncertainty in appraisal: sensitivity analysisRead
9. 32Expected value and decision treesRead
10. 33The value of perfect informationRead
11. 34Simulation, risk-adjusted discount rates and discounted paybackRead
12. 35Lease or buy and borrow-to-buy decisionsRead
13. 36Asset replacement: equivalent annual cost and the lowest common multipleRead
14. 37Capital rationing: divisible and indivisible projectsRead

Business finance (20%)

1. 38Short-term sources of financeRead
2. 39Long-term sources of finance: equity, debt, hybrids and leasesRead
3. 40Issuing shares: public offers, placings, introductions, underwriting and buy-backsRead
4. 41Rights issuesRead
5. 42Islamic finance: riba, murabaha, ijarah, mudaraba, sukuk and musharakaRead
6. 43Internal finance and dividend policyRead
7. 44Cost of equity: the dividend valuation modelRead
8. 45Portfolio theory and diversificationRead
9. 46Systematic and unsystematic risk and the efficient frontierRead
10. 47The capital asset pricing model and arbitrage pricing theoryRead
11. 48Cost of debtRead
12. 49Cost of preference shares and convertiblesRead
13. 50The weighted average cost of capitalRead
14. 51Project-specific cost of capital and adjusted WACCRead
15. 52Capital gearing, business risk and financial riskRead
16. 53The traditional view and Modigliani and Miller without taxRead
17. 54Modigliani and Miller with tax, market imperfections and gearing in appraisalRead
18. 55Pecking order theory and choosing the financing methodRead
19. 56SME financing problems and remediesRead
20. 57SME finance: venture capital, business angels, crowdfunding and supply chain financeRead

Business valuations (15%)

1. 58Why value a business: reasons and information neededRead
2. 59Asset-based valuationRead
3. 60Income-based valuation: P/E, earnings yield and EV/EBITDARead
4. 61Dividend valuation of sharesRead
5. 62Discounted cash flow valuation of a businessRead
6. 63Valuing bonds and preference sharesRead
7. 64The efficient market hypothesisRead
8. 65Practical considerations in share valuationRead

Risk management (15%)

1. 66Foreign exchange rates and quotationsRead
2. 67Foreign exchange risk: transaction, translation and economicRead
3. 68Causes of exchange rate movementsRead
4. 69Purchasing power parity, interest rate parity and four-way equivalenceRead
5. 70Covered interest arbitrage and forward ratesRead
6. 71Internal hedging: invoice currency, netting, matching, leading and laggingRead
7. 72Forward contracts and money market hedgesRead
8. 73Foreign currency derivatives: futures, options and swapsRead
9. 74Interest rate risk and traditional hedgingRead
10. 75Interest rate derivatives: FRAs, futures, options and swapsRead

Management information systems and data analytics (10%)

1. 1Information systems in organisations: role, costs and benefitsRead
2. 2Internet, intranet, wireless technology and networks in businessRead
3. 3Information needs at strategic, tactical and operational levelsRead
4. 4TPS, MIS, EIS, ERP and CRM systems comparedRead
5. 5Social and ethical issues in strategy and the management accountant’s data roleRead
6. 6Big data principles and the big data pyramidRead
7. 7Big data, data mining and analytics: uses, benefits, challenges and risksRead

Advanced costing techniques (15%)

1. 8Activity based costing: cost pools, cost drivers and calculationsRead
2. 9Activity based costing compared with traditional absorption costingRead
3. 10Target costing: principles and calculating the target costRead
4. 11Managing the target cost gap and target costing in servicesRead
5. 12Life cycle costing: product life cycle stages and costsRead
6. 13Life cycle cost and profit calculations, and the benefits of life cycle costingRead
7. 14Throughput accounting: theory of constraints and the throughput accounting ratioRead
8. 15Environmental management accounting and sustainability in businessRead
9. 16Environmental costs: methods, challenges and the management accountant’s roleRead

Decision making techniques (25%)

1. 17Relevant costs and revenues, and opportunity costRead
2. 18Relevant costs for specific decisions: materials, labour, equipment and overheadsRead
3. 19Break-even analysis and margin of safety for Skills level decisionsRead
4. 20Contribution to sales ratio, target profit and target revenueRead
5. 21Break-even charts and profit-volume chartsRead
6. 22Multi-product CVP analysis and its limitationsRead
7. 23Limiting factors: allocating a single scarce resourceRead
8. 24Linear programming: formulation and graphical solutionRead
9. 25Linear programming: slack and shadow pricesRead
10. 26Price elasticity of demand and the factors that influence priceRead
11. 27Demand and cost functions: profit-maximising price and outputRead
12. 28Cost-based pricing: cost-plus and relevant-cost pricingRead
13. 29Market-based pricing: skimming, penetration and other strategiesRead
14. 30Make-or-buy and outsourcing decisionsRead
15. 31One-off contracts, shutdown and further processing of joint productsRead
16. 32Reducing uncertainty: research, simulation and sensitivity analysisRead
17. 33Expected values and decision rules: maximax, maximin and minimax regretRead
18. 34Decision trees for multi-stage decisionsRead
19. 35Value of perfect and imperfect informationRead

Budgeting and control (20%)

1. 36Budgetary systems and types of budget: choosing the right oneRead
2. 37Preparing fixed and flexed budgetsRead
3. 38Rolling, activity-based, functional and master budgetsRead
4. 39The beyond budgeting model: benefits and problemsRead
5. 40Participation, negotiation and ethics in budgetingRead
6. 41High-low method and cost estimation for budgetsRead
7. 42Correlation, regression and time series for budgeting and forecastingRead
8. 43Learning curve: learning rate and learning effectRead
9. 44Learning curve in budgeting: steady state and limitationsRead
10. 45Standard costing: uses, how standards are set and types of standardRead
11. 46Basic variances: material, labour and idle timeRead
12. 47Material mix and yield variancesRead
13. 48Labour mix and yield variancesRead
14. 49Sales mix and quantity variancesRead
15. 50Planning and operational variances: revised budget, sales, market size and market shareRead
16. 51Planning and operational variances for materials and labourRead
17. 52Overhead variances and reconciling budgeted and actual profit at Skills levelRead
18. 53Behavioural effects of variances: motivation, JIT and TQMRead

Performance measurement, control and management systems (15%)

1. 54Profitability ratios and financial performance measuresRead
2. 55Liquidity, solvency and efficiency ratiosRead
3. 56Non-financial performance indicatorsRead
4. 57Short-termism and financial manipulation of resultsRead
5. 58Sustainability and ESG performance measuresRead
6. 59The balanced scorecardRead
7. 60The Fitzgerald and Moon building block modelRead
8. 61Performance measurement in not-for-profit organisationsRead
9. 62Value for money as a public sector objectiveRead
10. 63Divisional performance: return on investment and residual incomeRead
11. 64Economic value added (EVA)Read
12. 65Transfer pricing methods and the optimal transfer priceRead
13. 66Transfer pricing: problems, tax and repatriation of fundsRead
14. 67Value chain analysis for performance managementRead

Performance evaluation and corporate failure (10%)

1. 68Complex business structures: alliances, joint ventures and supply chainsRead
2. 69The performance pyramidRead
3. 70Value-based managementRead
4. 71Corporate failure and life cycle issuesRead
5. 72The Z-score and other quantitative failure modelsRead
6. 73The Argenti model and qualitative failure predictionRead
7. 74Preventing corporate failure and performance improvement strategiesRead

Emerging issues in performance management (5%)

1. 75Current developments in management accountingRead
2. 76Benchmarking and target setting in the public sectorRead
3. 77The changing role of the management accountant and contemporary issuesRead

Introduction to taxation, tax administration and ethics (20% of marks)

1. 1What is tax? Concepts, objectives and the impact of tax on the economyRead
2. 2Types of taxes and tax systems: base, yield, rate, incidence, burden, impact, effect and shiftRead
3. 3Sources of tax law in NigeriaRead
4. 4Tax authorities and their powers: the Nigeria Revenue Service, Joint Tax Board and state boardsRead
5. 5Tax jurisdiction: taxes and levies of federal, state and local governmentsRead
6. 6Tax identification number (TIN) and tax registrationRead
7. 7National Tax Policy, tax amnesty and VAIDSRead
8. 8Tax returns, assessments and paymentRead
9. 9Objections and tax appealsRead
10. 10Tax clearance certificateRead
11. 11Tax offences, penalties and enforcementRead
12. 12Tax audit and investigationRead
13. 13Tax planning, avoidance and evasionRead
14. 14Ethics for tax practitionersRead

Transaction taxes (20%)

1. 15VAT in Nigeria: scope, registration and rateRead
2. 16VAT computation, returns and paymentRead
3. 17VAT administration, offences and appealsRead
4. 18Withholding tax and withholding tax rates in NigeriaRead
5. 19Stamp duties, adjudication and appealsRead
6. 20Customs and excise dutiesRead

Personal income taxes (25%)

1. 21Personal income tax: residence and chargeable incomeRead
2. 22Taxation of employment income and PAYERead
3. 23Consolidated relief allowance, rent relief and other reliefs for individualsRead
4. 24Self-employed individuals and sole proprietorsRead
5. 25Taxation of partnershipsRead
6. 26Trusts, estates and settlementsRead
7. 27Taxation of investment income and securities lendingRead
8. 28Capital allowancesRead

Company income taxes (30%)

1. 29Principles of company income tax: rates, small companies and exemptionsRead
2. 30Adjusted profitRead
3. 31Basis periods, commencement and cessationRead
4. 32Change of accounting dateRead
5. 33Loss reliefRead
6. 34Total profit and company tax computationRead
7. 35Other bases of company assessment: dividend, minimum tax and turnoverRead
8. 36Interest restriction and thin capitalisationRead
9. 37Taxation of real estate and agricultural businessesRead
10. 38Taxation of transport, telecommunication, banking and insurance businessesRead
11. 39Taxation of non-interest finance: Murabaha, Ijarah, Sukuk and TakafulRead
12. 40Free trade zones and tax incentivesRead
13. 41Nigeria Startup Act: labelled startups and their incentivesRead
14. 42E-commerce and digital economy taxationRead

Information technology in taxation (5%)

1. 43Information technology in taxation: TaxPro-Max, registration and automated filingRead

Quick references across the syllabus

1. 44Which law applies: periods before 2026 and the Nigeria Tax Act 2025Read

Introduction to assurance, the legal framework and the audit process (20% of marks)

1. 1Meaning and objectives of audit, the need for audit and types of auditRead
2. 2Assurance engagements, levels of assurance and sustainability assuranceRead
3. 3Statutory audit and the legal framework: CAMA 2020 and the FRC ActRead
4. 4International standards on auditing, assurance engagements and Nigerian standardsRead
5. 5Obtaining and accepting a new audit engagementRead
6. 6Engagement letters: agreeing the terms of an audit engagement (ISA 210)Read

Professional ethics and public interest (15%)

1. 7Fundamental ethical principles and the conceptual frameworkRead
2. 8Independence, objectivity and integrity of the auditorRead
3. 9Confidentiality in audit and assurance engagementsRead
4. 10Conflicts of interest and resolving ethical conflictsRead
5. 11Non-compliance with laws and regulations (NOCLAR) and whistleblowingRead
6. 12Public interest and professional scepticism in audit and assuranceRead
7. 13Rules-based and principles-based ethics, and ethics in governanceRead

Internal audit

1. 14Internal audit: concept, role and its place in internal controlRead
2. 15Internal audit compared with external auditRead
3. 16Operational and other internal audit assignmentsRead
4. 17Internal audit reports, regulation, ethics and outsourcingRead

Planning, risk and special audits

1. 18Planning an audit (ISA 300)Read
2. 19Understanding the entity, its environment and its laws (ISA 315 and ISA 250)Read
3. 20Materiality in planning and performing an audit (ISA 320)Read
4. 21Audit risk and the auditor\u2019s response to assessed risks (ISA 330)Read
5. 22Fraud and the auditor (ISA 240)Read
6. 23Audit of not-for-profit organisationsRead
7. 24Public sector auditRead

Gathering audit evidence (25% with the audit report)

1. 25Audit evidence (ISA 500)Read
2. 26Audit documentation and working papers (ISA 230)Read
3. 27Audit sampling (ISA 530)Read

The nature and use of internal control (20%)

1. 28Importance, objectives and types of internal controlRead
2. 29Control environment, the risk assessment process and monitoring of controlsRead
3. 30Control activities and IT controlsRead
4. 31Limitations of internal control and recording control systemsRead
5. 32Evaluating controls and assessing audit riskRead
6. 33Risks of specialised IT systems and information security measuresRead
7. 34Tests of controls and the main transaction cyclesRead
8. 35The sales system: controls and tests of controlsRead
9. 36The purchases and expenses system: controls and tests of controlsRead
10. 37The payroll system: controls and tests of controlsRead
11. 38The bank and cash system: controls and tests of controlsRead
12. 39The inventory and non-current asset systems: controls and tests of controlsRead
13. 40Management letters and reporting control deficienciesRead

Substantive procedures

1. 41Substantive procedures: role and approachRead
2. 42Analytical procedures (ISA 520)Read
3. 43Audit of tangible non-current assetsRead
4. 44Audit of intangible non-current assetsRead
5. 45Inventory: valuation and the physical count (ISA 501)Read
6. 46Trade receivables, prepayments and external confirmations (ISA 505)Read
7. 47Substantive procedures on bank and cash balancesRead
8. 48Trade payables, accruals, provisions and contingenciesRead
9. 49Non-current liabilities, equity and directors\u2019 emolumentsRead
10. 50Key income statement figuresRead

Completion and the audit report

1. 51Written representations (ISA 580)Read
2. 52Evaluating misstatements (ISA 450) and the overall review of the financial statementsRead
3. 53Purpose of the auditor\u2019s report and the audit expectation gapRead
4. 54The unmodified auditor\u2019s report (ISA 700)Read
5. 55Key audit matters (ISA 701) and reports prescribed by lawRead
6. 56Audit reporting under CAMA 2020 and the audit committeeRead
7. 57Going concern (ISA 570)Read
8. 58Modified opinions, emphasis of matter and other matter paragraphsRead

Application of technology in audit, assurance and forensics (5%)

1. 59Information systems audit: risks, protection and the audit processRead
2. 60Vulnerability audit, data centre audit, banking transactions and IT audit reportsRead
3. 61Data analytics, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other audit technologyRead

Forensic accounting services (15%)

1. 62Nature, objectives and types of forensic accounting servicesRead
2. 63Economic damage through contract and tortRead
3. 64Computer forensics, fraud investigation and litigation supportRead
4. 65Hidden assets: how forensic accountants find themRead
5. 66Professional negligence in forensic investigationsRead
6. 67The expert report and reporting in forensic engagementsRead

Regulatory and conceptual frameworks of public sector accounting (20% of marks)

1. 1The nature, objectives and users of public sector accountingRead
2. 2The constitutional and regulatory framework of public sector accountingRead
3. 3Concepts, principles and bases of public sector accountingRead
4. 4Funding principles and public versus private sector accountingRead
5. 5The Fiscal Responsibility Act and the Fiscal Responsibility CommissionRead
6. 6The medium-term expenditure frameworkRead
7. 7Revenue, expenditure, debt and savings under the Fiscal Responsibility ActRead
8. 8The EFCC, the ICPC and corruption offencesRead
9. 9The code of conduct for public officers, the Bureau and the TribunalRead
10. 10The Public Accounts Committee, the courts and extractive industries transparencyRead
11. 11Government contracts: tenders boards and tender procedureRead
12. 12The Public Procurement Act 2007: principles, methods and offencesRead
13. 13IPSAS 11: construction contractsRead
14. 14IPSAS 12: inventoriesRead
15. 15IFAC, the IPSASB, PAFA and the African Professionalisation InitiativeRead
16. 16Professional pronouncements and features of a good government accounting systemRead
17. 17The Pension Reform Act 2014: scope, retirement benefits and savings accountsRead
18. 18Pension regulation: the Commission, administrators and custodiansRead
19. 19Pension investment, offences, PTAD and deficiencies of the ActRead
20. 20IPSAS 39: employee benefitsRead
21. 21IPSAS 49: retirement benefit plansRead
22. 22Treasury Single Account, IPPIS, GIFMIS and other public finance systemsRead
23. 23The National Chart of Accounts and financial reporting formatsRead

Planning and budgeting (20%)

1. 24Purposes of the budget and budgeting methods in NigeriaRead
2. 25PPBS, performance, periodic, flexible and rolling budgetsRead
3. 26Base estimates, committed growth and problems of public budgetingRead
4. 27Budget preparation, approval, reserves and supplementary estimatesRead
5. 28Personnel cost and overhead cost budgetsRead
6. 29The Ministry of Budget and Planning, the revenue budget and cash budgetingRead
7. 30Budgetary control in the public sectorRead
8. 31IPSAS 24: presentation of budget information in financial statementsRead

Reports and audit (20%)

1. 32Public accountability and fiscal transparencyRead
2. 33The IMF code, Transparency International and the Open Budget IndexRead
3. 34Enhancing public accountability and the factors against itRead
4. 35The Accountant-General and the Auditor-GeneralRead
5. 36Accounting officers, imprest holders and revenue collectorsRead
6. 37Government revenue sources and collection agenciesRead
7. 38FAAC, RMAFC and the revenue-sharing bodiesRead
8. 39VAT, the Consolidated Revenue Fund and other government fundsRead
9. 40Control of government revenue and expenditureRead
10. 41Vouchers and payroll accounting in the public sectorRead
11. 42The cash office, cash book and bank reconciliationRead
12. 43Advances, imprest and deposit accountsRead
13. 44Monthly transcripts and self-accounting unitsRead
14. 45Stores classification, control and accountingRead
15. 46Loss of stores, boards of survey and government lossesRead
16. 47Cash management and borrowing guidelinesRead
17. 48Statutory financial statements of government on the cash basisRead
18. 49Local government organisation, revenue and administrationRead
19. 50Local government expenditure and final accountsRead
20. 51IPSAS 1, 2 and 3: financial statements, cash flows and accounting policiesRead
21. 52Notes to the financial statements and qualitative characteristics of reportingRead
22. 53IPSAS 33: first-time adoption of accrual basis IPSASRead
23. 54IPSAS 34: separate financial statements and statements of ministries and agenciesRead
24. 55Parastatals and public enterprises: income, expenditure and accountingRead
25. 56Hospital accounting and development and property corporationsRead
26. 57Interpreting public sector financial statements and ratiosRead
27. 58IPSAS 4, 5 and 10: exchange rates, borrowing costs and hyperinflationRead
28. 59IPSAS 14 and 20: events after the reporting date and related partiesRead
29. 60IPSAS 43: leasesRead
30. 61IPSAS 16 and 45: investment property and property, plant and equipmentRead
31. 62IPSAS 19, 21 and 26: provisions and impairmentRead
32. 63IPSAS 27 and 31: agriculture and intangible assetsRead
33. 64IPSAS 28, 30 and 41: financial instrumentsRead
34. 65IPSAS 32 and 35: service concession arrangements and consolidated statementsRead
35. 66IPSAS 18, 36, 37 and 38: segments, associates and joint arrangementsRead
36. 67IPSAS 40: public sector combinationsRead
37. 68IPSAS 42, 44 and 46: social benefits, assets held for sale and measurementRead
38. 69IPSAS 47, 48 and 50: revenue, transfer expenses and mineral resourcesRead
39. 70Public sector audit: legal framework, types and objectivesRead
40. 71Public sector audit: process, internal audit, assurance and INTOSAIRead

Public finance (20%)

1. 72Public finance, public goods and the public sectorRead
2. 73The rationale, functions and methods of government intervention in the economyRead
3. 74Public revenue and revenue allocationRead
4. 75Public expenditure: growth, classification and principlesRead
5. 76Public debt: deficit financing, types and instrumentsRead
6. 77External debt, debt burden, borrowing policy and debt managementRead
7. 78Fiscal federalism and expenditure assignmentRead
8. 79Tax assignment and intergovernmental grantsRead
9. 80Project appraisal in the public sectorRead
10. 81The business cycle, public private partnerships and privatisationRead

Public finance management and accountability (10%)

1. 82The ICAN Accountability Index: pillars and indicatorsRead

Sustainability and sustainable development (10%)

1. 83The Sustainable Development Goals and their implementation in NigeriaRead
2. 84Sustainability reporting in the public sectorRead